Diosmetin

Rice readily undergoes yellowing under heat stress. Traditionally viewed as a sign of quality decline, this phenomenon is concurrent with the accumulation of flavonoids. Consequently, our study optimized flavonoid extraction (60-min ultrasound, 40-min shaking time, 50 g/mL solid-liquid ratio) and analyzed yellowing-stage dynamics. Total flavonoids increased with yellowing, correlating with enhanced antioxidant, antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration: 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli, 5 mg/mL for S. aureus), and hypoglycemic activities. Metabolomics identified four principal flavonoid subclasses (flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins) exhibiting differential accumulation patterns. Flavonols and flavones predominated in Mudanjiang japonica, while isoflavones showed maximal impact in Xiangwanxian indica. Luteolin, diosmetin, 6-methoxyaromadendrin 3-O-acetate, pelargonidin, syringetin, laricitrin, and 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin drove Mudanjiang japonica's yellowing. Xiangwanxian indica exhibited thermal sensitivity through rapid qualitative flavonoid changes rather than quantitative increases, causing pronounced yellowing. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of rice yellowing and a theoretical framework for potential applications of yellowed rice.

Thioacetamide (TAA), an established liver toxic chemical, is used to develop experimental models of liver injury by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The current study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of diosmetin (DSM), a bioflavonoid molecule, with mechanistic investigations using an in vivo TAA-induced liver injury model because there is no precedence. In the current investigation, 30 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups. The rats were given TAA (200 mg/kg) and DSM (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Liver function biomarkers (ALT, ASP, AST, bilirubin, GGT, CRP, albumin, globulin, and total protein) and inflammatory markers were analyzed on serum, whereas antioxidant levels, histological evaluation, and apoptotic markers were evaluated on liver tissue. The finding of this study indicated that DSM ameliorates TAA-induced increases in ALT, ASP, AST, bilirubin, GGT, CRP, MDA, albumin, globulin, total protein, and antioxidant enzyme activity such as SOD, CAT, and GSH levels. DSM reduced alterations in inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and apoptotic markers (Bax, NF-κB, caspase-3, Nrf-2, PPAR_ϒ) in liver tissues. Furthermore, DSM therapy resulted in significant major changes in liver histology, fibrosis, and cell death. The current study's findings demonstrated that DSM significantly decreases hepatotoxicity by enhancing liver structure and function while suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.