Ciclopirox olamine

Trichophyton indotineae, first identified in India, has increasingly been reported in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and recently in the USA. The global spread of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae underscores the urgency of the issue. With its ability for human-to-human transmission, it can be considered anthropophilic. However, its highly virulent nature suggests a possible link to zoophilic species, raising the potential for disease transmission from animals. In this study, we have performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of terbinafine susceptible and resistant Trichophyton species from animal and human origin to understand transmission dynamics of this species. Thirteen isolates of Trichophyton spp. from human (n = 9) and canine (n = 4) origin, respectively from Chandigarh and Bareilly, India, were included in this study. Isolate identification based on ITS extracted from WGS data identified six T. indotineae (ITS genotype VIII) and seven T. interdigitale (ITS genotype II) isolates. WGS single nucleotide polymorhpism (SNP) analysis separated the isolates into two distinct groups, T. indotineae and T. interdigitale and showed the clonal nature of both species. For both species, low SNP differences between isolates from humans and dogs were observed as well as low differences between isolates from Chandigarh and Bareilly, cities >350 km apart from each other. These findings suggest zoonotic transmission, next to fast spread across large distances. The T. indotineae terbinafine-resistant strains exhibited the SQLE^F397L substitution while susceptible strains had the SQLE^S395P substitution or demonstrated a wild-type (WT) SQLE sequence. However, all T. interdigitale strains displayed a WT SQLE sequence despite terbinafine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 0.031 to 64 µg/mL.

A review.Pyridine-based ring structures are widely employed in drug design due to their significant impact on pharmacol. activity, resulting in the development of various broad-spectrum therapeutics.The US FDA approves 95 pharmaceuticals derived from pyridine, including isoniazid and ethionamide for tuberculosis, delavirdine for HIV/AIDS, abiraterone acetate for prostate cancer, tacrine for Alzheimers, ciclopirox for ringworm and athletes foot, crizotinib for cancer, nifedipine for Raynauds syndrome and premature birth, piroxicam for arthritis, and nilvadipine for hypertension.Moreover, pyridine derivatives act as an excellent candidate for targeted anticancer agents.However, pyridine anti-cancer therapies continue to encounter hurdles, including poor response rates and drug resistance.Researchers are exploring pyridine derivatives as a potential treatment for targeted anticancer therapies.To further the development of targeted anti-cancer therapies, we analyzed pyridine-targeted drugs based on target categorization.We have covered all researchers of the last six years (2019-2024) investigating pyridine derivatives as targeted anticancer treatments.The highlights of pyridine-containing drugs and their targets are listed, as well as most promising drug candidates in clin. trials containing pyridine are also discussed.This review also included explanatory insights and viewpoints from several groups involved in the creation of targeted anticancer pyridine derivatives, with an emphasis on the structure-activity relationship (SAR).We hope that the current review provides insights and perspectives for the research and development of pyridine-containing anti-cancer drugs.