The Henry M. Jackson Foundation

AbstractThe influenza virus constantly evolves through antigenic shift and drift, requiring annual review to inform the development of seasonal influenza vaccines. The Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program and Global Emerging Infections Surveillance program-funded partner laboratories perform routine respiratory pathogen surveillance across a wide-reaching global network of service members and their beneficiaries, U.S. civilians, and some foreign national populations. This report describes the influenza viruses circulating during the 2024-2025 influenza season.

Illness duration has been examined as a predictor of anorexia nervosa (AN) outcomes to mixed results, yet is frequently used to make treatment and prognosis decisions. More specific metrics, such as prior illness course (e.g., continuous vs. intermittent symptoms) and symptom‐specific duration or course, may more effectively predict concurrent and longitudinal outcomes.

Adults with acute or weight‐restored AN ( N  = 75) completed a measure assessing duration and course (e.g., continuous, intermittent) of their eating disorder in general and of specific symptoms (low weight, restrictive eating, weight/shape preoccupation). Hierarchical linear regressions predicted the severity of each symptom (BMI, restrictive eating, shape concern, weight concern) at baseline and one‐year follow‐up from covariates (Step 1), general illness duration and course (Step 2), and symptom‐specific duration and course (Step 3).

Cross‐sectionally, symptom‐specific predictors improved model fit for all outcomes ( p s = < 0.001–0.043). A more continuous course of restrictive eating was associated with more frequent baseline restrictive eating ( p  = 0.002) and longer duration ( p  = 0.009) and a more continuous course ( p  < 0.001) of weight/shape preoccupation was associated with higher baseline shape concern. General illness duration and course did not predict symptom severity after accounting for symptom‐specific factors. Longitudinally, no measure of illness or symptom duration or course predicted follow‐up symptom severity.

Courses of specific symptoms may be more meaningful symptom severity markers in AN than general illness duration or course, particularly for restriction and shape concern. Findings highlight the clinical utility of assessing symptom‐specific chronicity and of interrupting eating disorder symptoms in treatment, given the impact of continuous symptom expression.

Developing an effective HIV vaccine is a momentous challenge. An exceptionally wide range of candidate HIV vaccines have been tested, yet many were poorly immunogenic, and of the select few that advanced into efficacy trials, only one demonstrated any efficacy. Here we report the results of the largest-scale cross-protocol immunogenicity comparison to date: 13 HIV vaccine trials (including 36 vaccine regimens) conducted across nine countries worldwide, strengthened by standardized trial designs, validated assays in centralized laboratories, and harmonized immunogenicity endpoints - providing an objective approach to identify the HIV vaccine candidate(s) with the best immunogenicity. A polyvalent DNA prime + protein boost regimen (HVTN 124) including Env immunogens of four subtypes, matched between prime and boost, achieved the best anti-V1V2 antibody responses by a large margin and also induced high CD4+ T-cell responses - two key immune responses implicated in HIV vaccine protection. Our results provide strong support to test this promising HIV vaccine design in more advanced phase clinical trials and will also guide the future design of additional HIV vaccines.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01799954..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02109354..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02404311..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02207920..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02296541..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03284710..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02915016..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02997969..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03122223..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03409276..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02968849..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03060629..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00223080..