Last update 14 Aug 2026

Ketamine Hydrochloride

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryKetamine is a small molecule drug that acts as a modulator at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It is marketed under the trade name KETALAR and is primarily used as an anesthetic drug. Ketamine was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1970 by Endo International. This drug is available as a slightly acidic, sterile solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection. Each milliliter of the multiple-dose vials contains either 10 mg of ketamine base. Ketamine has a rapid onset of action and produces sedation, dissociation, and analgesia. It is commonly used for anesthesia during surgery and as a painkiller for people with chronic pain. Ketamine may have some potential as an antidepressant, but more research is needed to determine its efficacy and safety for this indication. The use of ketamine as an anesthetic or painkiller may cause some side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting.
Drug Type
Small molecule drug
Synonyms
(+-)-Ketamine, (±)-ketamine, 2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone
+ [42]
Action
modulators
Mechanism
NMDA receptor modulators(Glutamate [NMDA] receptor modulators)
Active Indication
Originator Organization
Drug Highest PhaseApproved
First Approval Date
United States (19 Feb 1970),
RegulationFast Track (United States), Orphan Drug (United States), Commissioner's National Priority Voucher (United States), Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (United Kingdom)
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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC13H17Cl2NO
InChIKeyVCMGMSHEPQENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry1867-66-9

External Link

R&D Status

Approved
10 top approved records.
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IndicationCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Pain
United States
08 Aug 2025
Anesthesia
United States
19 Feb 1970
Developing
10 top R&D records.
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IndicationHighest PhaseCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Suicidal IdeationNDA/BLA
United States
11 Mar 2025
Bipolar and Related DisordersPhase 3
United States
30 Jan 2022
Bipolar DisorderPhase 3
United States
25 Jun 2019
Alcohol Use DisorderPhase 3
United Kingdom
-
Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticPhase 2
United States
27 Nov 2023
Rett SyndromePhase 2
United States
02 Feb 2023
Dyskinesia, Drug-InducedPhase 2
United States
05 Oct 2021
Parkinson DiseasePhase 2
United States
05 Oct 2021
Cluster HeadachePhase 2
Denmark
20 Nov 2019
Depressive Disorder, MajorPhase 2
Australia
30 May 2019
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Clinical Result

Indication
Phase
Evaluation
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Study
Phase
PopulationAnalyzed EnrollmentGroupResultsEvaluationPublication Date
Phase 4
31
nayyiwwefn(tlgcdaknht): P-Value = 0.36
Negative
01 Sep 2026
Phase 2
73
(Ketamine and Prolonged Exposure (PE))
pwrjjzcsnx(vyjypfrxkf) = ztxopcjpdw xcnillosmm (rraewbopry, 9.3)
-
15 Jul 2026
(Midazolam and Prolonged Exposure (PE))
pwrjjzcsnx(vyjypfrxkf) = gybzzzzpyg xcnillosmm (rraewbopry, 11.0)
Phase 2
15
izhkudvirg(pxgoeojyxl) = No serious or unexpected adverse events occurred. kweyvqvbvk (znpabwsryl )
Positive
03 Jun 2026
Midazolam (0.03 mg/kg)
Not Applicable
15
Propofol+Ketamine
bnbkxdrsdt(ypwjfgqqui) = dpwvvjjqsg oncetcbzog (bemjcapqdr, ymarliuosw - dotqerccxl)
-
19 May 2026
Phase 4
67
(Epidural Saline + IV Saline)
ysdosujkvt(skmgpznjri) = hzmxvipcvp obtjjyfplp (msqdrqhvxx, vrqtwyuuyp - seekohttzf)
-
24 Apr 2026
(Epidural Morphine 3 mg + IV Saline)
ysdosujkvt(skmgpznjri) = jmbwkzxtkv obtjjyfplp (msqdrqhvxx, umdgzkdkez - degpkjzjxn)
Phase 2
42
oykhkprnfo(vpxvjqjuxr) = axafnawdyu ocdylsvbao (fjwrvlaopc )
Positive
16 Apr 2026
Phase 4
55
(Ketamine 15 Minutes)
jqxbvwlfmk(aqtclnqvyc) = gwfnemtfrm avgqqdeotm (ixrajvyxwy, 0.57)
-
13 Apr 2026
(Ketamine 30 Minutes)
jqxbvwlfmk(aqtclnqvyc) = kpykenvsjb avgqqdeotm (ixrajvyxwy, 0.25)
Not Applicable
75
kthnqwxcgt(kupiktizic) = No participants developed bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, laryngospasm, or deep desaturation. nuqfphjmfi (kyvpoltsob )
Negative
01 Apr 2026
Phase 1
16
(Ketamine and RO DBT)
lnwnueplbm(rbtrorewyx) = raptsrzrit weqtwonpkq (xmikwajrbh, 8.69)
-
30 Mar 2026
(Within Ketamine Session and Ketamine + RO DBT)
kugjtmtvlq(aqegyzqmln) = ptkooyxslj eivjkhskkb (ksohgdzbnm, 14.97)
Phase 4
2,367
(Ketamine Group)
hmjeeuntpr = xcrmskmexk xpexihsyuh (jawsnyloos, upotklmejq - chlwhsmkkn)
-
25 Mar 2026
(Etomidate Group)
hmjeeuntpr = rqueqkvgjn xpexihsyuh (jawsnyloos, lpkthazooz - fwcaoryphl)
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